Normality Calculator
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How to Use the Normality Calculator
Select a calculation mode using the tabs. Use Find Normality to calculate N from molarity and n-factor. Use N ↔ Molarity to convert between the two. Use From Mass to calculate N directly from mass, volume and equivalent weight.
Key Formulas
Normality (N) = Molarity (M) × n-factor
Equivalent Weight (Eq. wt) = Molecular Weight / n-factor
N = (mass in g) / (Eq. wt × Volume in L)
Equivalent Weight (Eq. wt) = Molecular Weight / n-factor
N = (mass in g) / (Eq. wt × Volume in L)
n-Factor Reference Table
| Compound | Formula | n-factor | MW (g/mol) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hydrochloric acid | HCl | 1 | 36.46 |
| Sulfuric acid | H₂SO₄ | 2 | 98.08 |
| Phosphoric acid | H₃PO₄ | 3 | 97.99 |
| Acetic acid | CH₃COOH | 1 | 60.05 |
| Sodium hydroxide | NaOH | 1 | 40.00 |
| Calcium hydroxide | Ca(OH)₂ | 2 | 74.09 |
| Sodium carbonate | Na₂CO₃ | 2 | 105.99 |
| Potassium permanganate (acid) | KMnO₄ | 5 | 158.03 |
About Normality in the Laboratory
Normality (N) is a measure of concentration defined as the number of equivalents of solute per litre of solution. Unlike molarity, normality accounts for the reactive capacity of a compound — the number of H⁺ or OH⁻ ions it can donate or accept per molecule (the n-factor).
Normality is commonly used in acid-base titrations, redox reactions and precipitation reactions where the reactive species matters more than the total moles of compound.
N = M for monoprotic acids
For HCl, NaOH and CH₃COOH (n=1), normality equals molarity. 1 M HCl = 1 N HCl.
N = 2M for diprotic acids
For H₂SO₄ (n=2), normality is double the molarity. 1 M H₂SO₄ = 2 N H₂SO₄.
Titration equivalence point
At the equivalence point: N₁V₁ = N₂V₂. Normality simplifies titration calculations across different acid/base strengths.
Deprecated in modern SI
IUPAC recommends molarity for modern work. Normality is still widely used in clinical labs, titrations and older protocols. Always clarify which is used.
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